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1:1 NAT (pronounced “one-to-one NAT”) maps one external IPv4 address (usuallypublic) to one internal IPv4 address (usually private). All traffic originatingfrom that private IPv4 address going to the Internet will be mapped by 1:1 NATto the public IPv4 address defined in the entry, overriding the Outbound NATconfiguration. All traffic initiated on the Internet destined for the specifiedpublic IPv4 address on the mapping will be translated to the private IPv4address, then evaluated against the WAN firewall ruleset. If matching traffic ispermitted by the firewall rules to a target of the private IPv4 address, it willbe passed to the internal host.
1:1 NAT can also translate whole subnets as well as single addresses, providedthey are of the same size and align on proper subnet boundaries.
The ports on a connection remain constant with 1:1 NAT; For outboundconnections, the source ports used by the local system are preserved, similar tousing Static Port on outbound NAT rules.
Risks of 1:1 NAT¶
The risks of 1:1 NAT are largely the same as port forwards, if WAN firewallrules permit traffic. Any time rules permit traffic, potentially harmful trafficmay be admitted into the local network. There is a slight added risk when using1:1 NAT in that firewall rule mistakes can have more dire consequences. Withport forward entries, traffic is limited by constraints within the NAT rule andthe firewall rule. If TCP port 80 is opened by a port forward rule, then anallow all rule on WAN would still only permit TCP 80 on that internal host. If1:1 NAT rules are in place and an allow all rule exists on WAN, everything onthat internal host will be accessible from the Internet. Misconfigurations arealways a potential hazard, and this usually should not be considered a reason toavoid 1:1 NAT. Keep this fact in mind when configuring firewall rules, and asalways, avoid permitting anything that is not required.
Configuring 1:1 NAT¶
To configure 1:1 NAT:
- Add a Virtual IP for the public IP address to be used for the 1:1 NAT entry asdescribed in Virtual IP Addresses
- Navigate to Firewall > NAT, 1:1 tab
- Click Add to create a new 1:1 entry at the top of the list
- Configure the 1:1 NAT entry as follows:
- Disabled
- Controls whether this 1:1 NAT entry is active.
- Interface
- The interface where the 1:1 NAT translation will take place,typically a WAN type interface. Label factory deluxe 4 user manual pdf download.
- External subnet IP
- The IPv4 address to which the Internal IP addresswill be translated as it enters or leaves the Interface. This istypically an IPv4 Virtual IP address on Interface, or an IP addressrouted to the firewall via Interface.
- Internal IP
- The IPv4 address behind the firewall that will be translated tothe External subnet IP address. This is typically an IPv4 address behindthis firewall. The device with this address must use this firewall as itsgateway directly (attached) or indirectly (via static route). Specifying asubnet mask here will translate the entire network matching the subnet mask.For example using
x.x.x.0/24
will translate anything in that subnet toits equivalent in the external subnet. - Destination
- Optional, a network restriction that limits the 1:1 NAT entry.When a value is present, the 1:1 NAT will only take effect when traffic isgoing from the Internal IP address to the Destination address on theway out, or from the Destination address to the External subnet IPaddress on the way into the firewall. The Destination field supports the useof aliases.
- Description
- An optional text description to explain the purpose of thisentry.
- NAT reflection
- An override for the global NAT reflection options. Usesystem default will respect the global NAT reflection settings, enablewill always perform NAT reflection for this entry, and disable will neverdo NAT reflection for this entry. For more information on NAT Reflection,see NAT Reflection.
- Click Save
- Click Apply Changes
Example Single IP Address 1:1 Configuration¶
This section demonstrates how to configure a 1:1 NAT entry with a singleinternal and external IP address. In this example,
198.51.100.210
is aVirtual IP address on the WAN interface. In most deployments this will besubstituted with a working public IP addresses. The mail server in this mappingresides on a DMZ segment using internal IP address 10.3.1.15
. The 1:1 NATentry to map 198.51.100.210 to 10.3.1.15 is shown in Figure1:1 NAT Entry.Example IP Address Range 1:1 Configuration¶
1:1 NAT can be configured for multiple public IP addresses by using CIDR ranges.In this example, 1:1 NAT is configured for a /30 CIDR range of IPs.
See also
See CIDR Summarization for more information onsummarizing networks or groups of IP addresses inside a larger subnet usingCIDR notation.
External IP | Internal IP |
---|---|
198.51.100.64/30 | 10.3.1.64/30 |
198.51.100.64 | 10.3.1.64 |
198.51.100.65 | 10.3.1.65 |
198.51.100.66 | 10.3.1.66 |
198.51.100.67 | 10.3.1.67 |
The last octet of the IP addresses need not be the same on the inside andoutside, but doing so makes it logically simpler to follow. For example, Table/30 CIDR Mapping Non-Matching Final Octet Speedway 90 amp flux welder 7643 user guide manual. is also valid.
External IP | Internal IP |
---|---|
198.51.100.64/30 | 10.3.1.200/30 |
198.51.100.64 | 10.3.1.200 |
198.51.100.65 | 10.3.1.201 |
198.51.100.66 | 10.3.1.202 |
198.51.100.67 | 10.3.1.203 |
Choosing an addressing scheme where the last octet matches makes the layouteasier to understand and hence maintain. Figure1:1 NAT entry for /30 CIDR range shows how to configure 1:1 NAT toachieve the mapping listed in Table /30 CIDR Mapping Matching Final Octet.
1:1 NAT on the WAN IP, aka “DMZ” on Linksys¶
Some consumer routers such as those from Cisco/Linksys have what they call a“DMZ” feature that will forward all ports and protocols destined to the WAN IPaddress to a system on the LAN. In effect, this is 1:1 NAT between the WAN IPaddress and the IP address of the internal system. “DMZ” in that context,however, has nothing to do with what an actual DMZ network is in real networkingterminology. In fact, it’s almost the opposite. A host in a true DMZ is in anisolated network away from the other LAN hosts, secured away from the Internetand LAN hosts alike. In contrast, a “DMZ” host in the Linksys meaning is notonly on the same network as the LAN hosts, but completely exposed to incomingtraffic with no protection.
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In pfSense® software, 1:1 NAT can be active on the WAN IP address, with thecaveat that it will leave all services running on the firewall itselfinaccessible externally. So 1:1 NAT cannot be used on the WAN IP address incases where VPNs of any type are enabled, or other local services on thefirewall must be accessible externally. In some cases, this limitation can bemitigated by a port forward for locally hosted services.